Edible Energy Composition

ABSTRACT

The disclosure relates to an edible energy composition that provides physical and mental benefits when ingested.

BACKGROUND

There are a number of products that purport to provide an individualwith physical and mental benefits when consumed. These products areoften packaged as solid snack foods or as drinks and are consumed byindividuals wanting to quickly increase and/or maintain their physicalenergy and mental alertness in particular situations. For example,students may take the products to study for longer periods, athletes mayconsume them to train or compete and employees may take them during thework day.

However, these products may include undesirable amounts of calories dueto, for example, the inclusion of sugars, and/or may provide anunpleasant taste and/or may fail to provide sufficient physical andmental benefits for an adequate period of time. Moreover, consumerscontinually desire palatable, unique and healthy formulations.Accordingly, there is a need for improved edible compositions thatprovide consumers with benefits such as increased energy and alertness.

SUMMARY

The present invention describes an edible energy composition thatincludes a methylated xanthine in an amount from about 0.05% to about0.5%, a choline derivative in an amount from about 0.005% to about 0.09%(w/w), and at least one flavorant.

The present invention also describes an edible energy composition thatincludes methylated xanthine, a choline derivative, amino acids,vitamins, taurine, acidulants and at least one flavorants and whereconsumption of said composition provides a user with at least onebenefit such as increased alertness, increased mental acuity, increasedcontinuity of attention and increased self-related awareness.

The present invention also relates to an edible energy composition thatincludes a methylated xanthine, a choline derivative, amino acids,vitamins, taurine, glucuronolactone, acidulants and at least oneflavorant.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

It is to be understood that the disclosed embodiments are merelyexemplary and details disclosed herein are not to be interpreted aslimiting, but merely as a representative basis for teaching one skilledin the art.

The disclosure relates to a stable, edible energy composition. Thecomposition may be in liquid or solid form or include both liquid andsolid forms. The composition may be provided in any mass or volume. Forexample, the composition may be provided as a solid food item in theform of bars, crackers, cookies or similar products, having the mass andshape of these types of products. The composition may also be providedas a liquid consumable such as a “shot”, drink, beverage or gel, whichmay be served at a wide range of temperatures from freezing (0° C.) toup to about 90° C. In its various forms, the composition is stable andedible for at least two years and may be stable and edible up to aboutfive years.

The use of the composition provides certain benefits. For example, thecomposition may counter, reduce or prevent drowsiness. The compositionmay also provide a feeling of alertness and mental acuity. Thecomposition may also provide a significant increase in the power ofattention, continuity of attention, quality of working memory, qualityof episodic memory, speed of memory and self-related alertness, the sumof the benefits providing a perceived feeling of energy.

The cognitive and physiological effects of the composition are sustainedfor an extended period of time. The effect of the composition onalertness and energy is greater than would be observed than wheningesting an equivalent amount of any if the ingredients alone.Referring specifically to caffeine, the benefits are sustained longerthan the time for the peak plasma concentration of caffeine to beachieved when caffeine is consumed alone. In one embodiment, thecomposition may provide benefits for least five hours, longer than theeffects of an equivalent amount of caffeine taken alone. In other words,the ingredients of the composition act synergistically to producebenefits to a consumer that exceed the benefits achieved when theingredients are taken individually.

In preferred embodiments, the composition may be provided in an aqueousmedium in a volume from about 10 mls to about 300 mls. The compositionmay be provided in a volume from about 0.3 ounces to about ten (10)ounces. In preferred embodiments, the composition may be provided inabout 0.5 fluid ounces, or about one (1) fluid ounce or about two (2)fluid ounces. In a preferred embodiment, the composition is provided asa “shot” where the consumer ingests the ingredients in a small volume,such as from about 55 to about 60 mls and where the ingredients are in ahighly concentrated form.

As used herein derivatives are defined to include, but are not limitedto, precursors, metabolites, structurally-similar compounds and analogsof a particular substance.

As used herein, precursors of a given substance are defined to include,but are not limited to, molecules that may be transformed, directly orindirectly, into that substance in vivo or in vitro.

As used herein, metabolites of a substance are defined to include, butare not limited to, molecules that are produced in vivo bytransformation of that substance.

As used herein, structurally similar-compounds are defined to include,but are not limited to, molecules that are structurally similar to theidentified substance but possess at least one structural difference andare functionally similar.

As used herein, analogs are defined to include, but are not limited tomolecules that are chemically distinct from an identified substance butwhich exert the same biological activity.

The energy composition includes at least one methylated xanthine and atleast one choline derivative including precursors, structurally-similarcompounds, analogs and/or metabolites of these substances. Thecomposition may also include vitamins, amino acids, taurine,glucuronolactone, glucono-delta-lactone, and glucuronic acid,flavorants, sweeteners and preservatives, including precursors,structurally-similar compounds, analogs and/or metabolites of thesesubstances.

Methylated xanthines include but are not limited to caffeine,theobromine, aminophylline, theophylline and paraxanthine. In general,methylated xanthines induce a feeling of alertness when ingested. In onemodel, methylated xanthines competitively block the binding of adenosineto its target sites in the human nervous system. Consequently, themood-altering and sleep-inducing effects of adenosine are mitigated andxanthines thus prevent the body from being affected by the depressingeffects of adenosine.

Choline is used in the synthesis of phospholipids, phosphatidylcholineand sphingomyelin, structural components of all cell membranes. Cholineis also involved in cell signaling. For example, phosphatidylcholine andsphingomyelin are precursors for the intracellular messenger molecules,diacylglycerol and ceramide. Choline is required for the synthesis ofplatelet activating factor (PAF) and sphingophosphorylcholine, which arealso cell-signaling molecules. Choline is also a precursor foracetylcholine, an important neurotransmitter involved in muscle control,memory and mood. Supplementation with choline is implicated in improvedcognition, memory and learning and may provide neuroprotective benefits.

Choline is oxidized in the body to form betaine which is a source ofmethyl (CH₃) groups required for methylation reactions. For example,methyl groups from betaine may be used to convert homocysteine tomethionine, thereby reducing homocysteine levels. Elevated levels ofhomocysteine in the blood have been associated with increased risk ofcardiovascular diseases.

The composition may include at least one vitamin. For example, thecomposition may include vitamin B6. Vitamin B6, in its various forms, isinvolved in more than 100 enzymatic reactions involved in amino acidmetabolism and the metabolism of one-carbon units, carbohydrates, andlipids. Vitamin B6 is also required for the biosynthesis ofneurotransmitters. In the brain, the synthesis of the neurotransmitterserotonin from the amino acid tryptophan is catalyzed by a vitaminB6-dependent enzyme. Other neurotransmitters, such as dopamine,norepinephrine and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), are also synthesizedusing vitamin B6-dependent enzymes. Vitamin BB functions as a coenzymein the synthesis of heme, an iron-containing component of hemoglobin.

In addition the amount of homocysteine in the blood is regulated by atleast three vitamins: folic acid, vitamin B12, and vitamin B6. Severallarge studies have demonstrated an association between low vitamin B6intake or status with increased blood homocysteine levels and increasedrisk of cardiovascular diseases

Vitamin B6 is also involved in gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis andimmune function. It serves as a coenzyme for a key enzyme involved inthe mobilization of single-carbon functional groups (one-carbonmetabolism) including reactions that are involved in the synthesis ofnucleic acids. The effect of vitamin B6 deficiency on the function ofthe immune system may be partly related to its role in one-carbonmetabolism.

The binding of vitamin B6 to steroid receptors for estrogen,progesterone, testosterone, and other steroid hormones suggests that thevitamin B6 status of an individual may have implications for diseasesaffected by steroid hormones, including breast cancer and prostatecancer.

In some embodiments, the composition may include folate. Folate isrequired for DNA and RNA synthesis. Folate is required to make normalred blood cells and to prevent anemia. Folate is also essential for themetabolism of homocysteine, helping to maintain normal levels of thisamino acid. A deficiency of folate, vitamin B12 or vitamin B6 mayincrease blood levels of homocysteine, and folate supplementation hasbeen shown to decrease homocysteine levels and to improve endothelialcell function.

At least one study has linked low dietary folate intake with anincreased risk of coronary events. Some evidence associates low bloodlevels of folate with a greater risk of cancer, possibly throughincreased DNA damage that may lead to cancer.

In some embodiments, the composition includes vitamin B12. Vitamin B12exists in several forms containing the mineral cobalt, e.g.methylcobalamin and 5-deoxyadenosylcobalamin. Vitamin B12 is requiredfor proper red blood cell formation, neurological function, and DNAsynthesis. Vitamin B12 functions as a cofactor for two enzymes thatcatalyze the conversion of homocysteine to methionine. Methionine, inturn, is required for the formation of S-adenosylmethionine, a universalmethyl donor for almost 100 different substrates, including DNA, RNA,hormones, proteins, and lipids. Methylation of DNA may be important incancer prevention. Inadequate function of methionine synthase can leadto an accumulation of homocysteine, which has been associated withincreased risk of cardiovascular diseases.

The composition may include niacin, also known as nicotinic acid orvitamin B3 and derivatives of niacin, including precursors, structurallyrelated compounds, analogs and metabolites. Nicotinamide used by thebody to form the coenzymes nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) andnicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) which are used innumerous enzymatic reactions, mainly to accept or donate electrons forredox reactions. NAD functions most often in energy producing reactionsinvolving the catabolism of carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and alcohol.NADP functions more often in biosynthetic (anabolic) reactions. CellularNAD is consumed in the synthesis of ADP-ribose polymers, which play arole in DNA repair, and cyclic ADP-ribose may also mediatecell-signaling pathways important in cancer prevention. Moreover, onestudy reported that niacin supplementation decreased the risk ofultraviolet light-induced skin cancers in mice.

Taurine is involved in numerous biological processes includingcardiovascular regulation, antioxidation, and modulation of iontransport, membrane stabilization, and osmoregulation, modulation ofneurotransmission, bile acid conjugation, hypolipidemia and antiplateletactivity. Deficiency of taurine is linked to retinal degeneration,retardation of growth and development central nervous system disorders,cardiovascular dysfunction, immune disorders and hepatic disorders.Taurine helps regulate the contraction and pumping action of the heartmuscle and it helps regulate blood pressure and platelet aggregation.

The composition may include one or more amino acids, including, withoutlimitation, precursors, structurally-similar compounds, analogs,metabolites, salts, esters or isomeric forms of amino acids. In additionto being incorporated into proteins, amino acids play numerous roles inphysiological processes and supplementation with amino acids has beenstudied in numerous contexts. For example, phenylalanine is an essentialamino acid and plays a key role in the biosynthesis of other amino acidsand some neurotransmitters. Similarly, tyrosine is required for thesynthesis of adrenal hormones epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine andthe thyroid hormones, including thyroxine. Tyrosine, through its effecton neurotransmitters, is used to treat conditions including moodenhancement, appetite suppression, and growth hormone (HGH) stimulation.Tyrosine is also involved in the production of melanin, the pigmentresponsible for hair and skin color.

Embodiments of methylated xanthines include but are not limited tocaffeine theobromine, aminophylline, theophylline and paraxanthine andincludes precursors, structurally-similar compounds, analogs andmetabolites of methylated xanthines. In one embodiment, the methylatedxanthine is present in an amount from about 0.05% to about 0.5% byweight (i.e. w/w) (or for some liquid forms from about 0.0005 g/ml toabout 0.005 g/ml). In another embodiment, the methylated xanthine ispresent in an amount from about 0.35% to about 0.45% w/w (or from about0.0035 g/ml to about 0.0045 g/ml). In still other embodiments, themethylated xanthine is present in an amount from about 0.37% to about0.39% (or from about 0.0037 g/ml to about 0.0039 g/ml) or the methylatedxanthine is present in an amount from about 0.32% to about 0.34% byweight (or from about 0.0032 g/ml to about 0.0034 g/ml).

The choline derivatives, including precursors, structurally-similarcompounds, analogs and metabolites of choline may include but are notlimited to choline, citicholine, phosphocholine, and betaine andphosphatidyl choline. In a preferred embodiment, the choline derivativeis citicoline. In one embodiment, the choline derivative is present inan amount from about 0.005% to about 0.09% by weight or from about0.00005 g/ml to about 0.0009 g/ml. In another embodiment, the cholinederivative is present in an amount from about 0.03% to about 0.07% byweight or from about 0.0003 g/ml to about 0.0007 g/ml. In still anotherembodiment, the choline derivative is present in an amount from about0.04% to about 0.06% by weight (or from about 0.0004 g/ml to about0.0006 g/ml). In still another embodiment, the choline derivative ispresent in an amount from about 0.015% to about 0.019% (or from about0.00015 g/ml to about 0.00019 g/ml).

The energy composition may further include one or more amino acidsincluding, without limitation, precursors, structurally-similarcompounds and analogs, metabolites, salts, esters or isomeric forms ofamino acids. In preferred embodiments, the amino acids include, but arenot limited to, N-acetyl L-tyrosine, tyrosine and phenylalanine. In oneembodiment, amino acids are present in an amount from 0.5% to 5.0% byweight or from about 0.005 g/ml to about 0.05 g/ml. In one embodiment,amino acids are present in an amount from about 1% to about 4% by weight(or from about 0.01 to about 0.04 g/ml). In still another embodiment,amino acids are present in an amount from about 1% to about 3% by weight(or from about 0.01 g/ml to about 0.03 g/ml). Examples of other aminoacids that may be used, without limitation, include theanine, glutamicacid, alanine and β-alanine.

In a preferred embodiment, the edible composition includes N-acetylL-tyrosine in an amount from about 0.1% to about 0.8% by weight (orabout 0.001 to about 0.008 g/ml). In another embodiment, N-acetylL-tyrosine is present in an amount from 0.2% to about 0.6% (or fromabout 0.002 g/ml to about 0.006 g/ml). In still another embodiment,N-acetyl L-tyrosine is present in an amount from about 0.3% to about0.5% by weight (or from about 0.003 g/ml to about 0.005 g/ml).

The composition may also include phenylalanine. In one embodiment,L-phenylalanine is present in an amount from about 0.1% to about 0.8% byweight (or from about 0.001 to about 0.008 g/ml). In one embodiment,L-phenylalanine is present in an amount from about 0.2% to about 0.6% byweight (or from about 0.002 to about 0.006 g/ml). In still anotherembodiment, L-phenylalanine is present in an amount from about 0.3% toabout 0.5% (or about 0.003 to about 0.005 g/ml).

The composition may also include taurine, including derivatives oftaurine which may include precursors, structurally-similar compounds,analogs and/or metabolites. In one embodiment, taurine is present in anamount from about 0.2% to about 1.6% by weight (or from about 0.002 g/mlto about 0.016 g/ml). In one embodiment, taurine is present in an amountfrom about 0.4% to about 1.2% by weight (or from about 0.004 g/ml toabout 0.012 g/ml). In still another embodiment, taurine is present in anamount from about 0.7% to about 1.0% (or from about 0.007 g/ml to about0.010 g/ml)

In further embodiments, the energy composition includes additionalcomponents that may reduce fatigue and provide energy. Such additionalcomponents may include, for example, one or more of glucuronolactone,glucono delta-lactone, and glucuronic acid. In one embodiment,glucuronolactone is present in an amount from about 0.1% to about 1.2%(or from about 0.001 g/ml to about 0.012 g/ml). In a further embodiment,glucuronolactone is present in an amount from about 0.003 to about0.09%. (or from about 0.00003 g/ml to about 0.0009 g/ml). In stillanother embodiment, glucuronolactone is present in an amount from about0.5% to about 0.7% (or from about 0.005 g g/ml to about 0.007 g/ml). Thecomposition may also include malic and/or citric acid. Citric and malicacid are intermediates in the conversion of food to energy e.g. they arepart of the citric acid cycle.

In one embodiment, the pH of the composition is from about 1.0 to about9.0. In a preferred embodiment, the pH of the composition is acidic. Forexample, the pH may be from about 2.0 to about 3.0. The energycomposition may further include one or more pH-modifying components. Inone embodiment, the pH-modifying components are acidulants. SuitablepH-modifying components include edible inorganic acids, such asphosphoric acid. In preferred embodiments, the composition includesedible organic acids. Preferred embodiments of edible organic acidsinclude malic acid and citric acid.

In one embodiment, the pH-modifying components are present in an amountfrom about 0.10% to about 1.2% or from about 0.001 g/ml to about 0.012g/ml. In one embodiment, the pH-modifying components are present in anamount from about 0.3% to about 0.9% (or from about 0.003 to about 0.009g/ml). In still another embodiment, the pH-modifying components arepresent in an amount from about 0.5 to about 0.7% (or from about 0.005g/ml to about 0.007 g/ml).

In preferred embodiments, the energy composition further comprises oneor more vitamins, including, without limitation, precursors,structurally-similar compounds, analogs, metabolites, isomers, salts ofvitamins. Embodiments of such include, but are not limited to B6, B12,niacinamide niacin and folic acid. In one embodiment, vitamins arepresent in an amount from about 0.05% to about 0.8% or from about 0.0005g/ml to about 0.008 g/ml. In another embodiment, vitamins are present inan amount from about 0.1% to about 0.5% or from about 0.001 g/ml toabout 0.005 g/ml. In still another embodiment, vitamins are present inan amount from about 0.10% to about 0.25% (or from about 0.001 g/ml toabout 0.0025 g/ml).

The energy composition may include vitamin B6. In one embodiment, the B6is present in an amount from about 0.01% to about 0.3% or from about0.001 g/ml to about 0.003 g/ml). In another embodiment, the vitamin B6is present in an amount from about 0.03% to about 0.2% (or from about0.0003 g/ml to about 0.002 g/ml). In still another embodiment, thevitamin B6 is present in an amount from about 0.06% to about 0.09% (orfrom about 0.0006 g/ml to about 0.0009 g/ml). The composition mayprovide from about 50% to about 3000% of the recommended daily allowanceof vitamin B6.

The energy composition may include vitamin B12. In one embodiment, theB12 is present in an amount from about 0.0001% to about 0.003% (or fromabout 0.00001 g/ml to about 0.00003 g/ml). In another embodiment, theB12 is present in an amount from about 0.0003% to about 0.002% (or fromabout 0.00003 g/ml to about 0.00002 g/ml). In still another embodiment,the B12 is present in an amount from about 0.0006% to about 0.001% (orfrom about 0.000006 g/ml to about 0.00001 g/ml). The composition mayprovide from about 50% to about 10000% of the recommended dailyallowance of vitamin B12.

The energy composition may include niacin and/or niacinamide. In oneembodiment, niacinamide is present in an amount from about 0.00001% toabout 0.3% (or from about 0.0000001 g/ml or from about 0.003 g/ml). Inone embodiment, the niacinamide or a derivative thereof is present in anamount from about 0.01% to about 0.3% (or about 0.0001 g/ml to about0.003 g/ml). In another embodiment, the niacinamide or a derivativethereof is present in an amount from about 0.03% to about 0.2% (or about0.0003 g/ml to about 0.002 g/ml). In still another embodiment, theniacinamide or a derivative thereof is present in an amount from about0.06% to about 0.09% (or about 0.0006 g/ml to about 0.0009 g/ml). Thecomposition may provide from about 20% to about 300% of the recommendeddaily allowance of niacin.

The energy composition may include folic acid. In one embodiment, thefolic acid is present in an amount from about 0.00001% to about 0.02%(or about 0.0000001 g/ml to about 0.0002 g/ml). In another embodiment,the folic acid is present in an amount from about 0.0005% to about 0.02%(or about 0.000005 g/ml to about 0.0002 g/ml). In another embodiment,the folic acid is present in an amount from about 0.001% to about 0.008%(or about 0.00001 g/ml to about 0.00008 g/ml). In still anotherembodiment, the folic acid is present in an amount from about 0.002% toabout 0.004% (or about 0.00002 g/ml to about 0.0004 g/ml). Thecomposition may provide from about 10% to about 100% of the recommendeddaily allowance of folic acid.

The energy composition of the present embodiment includes one or moreflavorants and/or sweeteners. In one embodiment, there are a sufficientnumber of flavorants and/or sweeteners so that unpalatable tastingcomponents will be masked. In one embodiment, the flavorants are presentin an amount from about 0.0001% to about 0.8% (or about 0.0000001 g/mlto about 0.008 g/ml). In another embodiment, the flavorants are presentin an amount from about 0.1% to about 0.8%.

According to the disclosure, nutritive or non-nutritive sweeteners maybe added. Examples of such sweeteners include, but are not limited toxylitol, stevia, aspartame, sucralose and other non-nutritive sweetenersknown to those of ordinary skill in the art. In one preferredembodiment, sucralose is may be used. In a further embodiment, sucraloseis present in an amount from 0.001% to about 0.4% (or about 0.00001 g/mlto about 0.004 g/ml). In one embodiment, sucralose is present in anamount from about 0.05% to about 0.4% (or about 0.0005 g/ml to about0.004 g/ml). In one embodiment, sucralose is present in an amount fromabout 0.08% to about 0.3% (or about 0.0008 g/ml to about 0.003 g/ml). Instill another embodiment, sucralose is present in an amount from about0.1% to about 0.2% (or about 0.001 g/ml to about 0.002 g/ml).

In some embodiments, preservative agents may be added to thecomposition. Ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (“EDTA”) may also beincluded to improve flavor and stability. In one embodiment, EDTA ispresent in an amount from about 0.002% to about 0.009% (or about 0.00002g/ml to about 0.00009 g/ml). In another embodiment, the EDTA is presentin an amount from about 0.003% to about 0.007% (or about 0.00003 g/ml toabout 0.000007 g/ml). In still another embodiment, the EDTA is presentin an amount from about 0.004% to about 0.006% (or about 0.00004 g/ml toabout 0.00006 g/ml). In still another embodiment, the EDTA is present inan amount from about 0.002% to about 0.003% (or about 0.00002 g/ml toabout 0.00003 g/ml). The energy composition also includes one or morefruit flavorants. Such fruit flavorants include, but are not limited tolemon lime flavors, orange flavors, berry flavors, high fructose cornsyrup, raspberry juice concentrates, berry juice concentrates and thelike.

In still another variation of the present embodiment, the energycomposition further includes one or more enzymes. Embodiments of suchenzymes include, but are not limited to, amylase, protease, lactase,lipase, cellulase, and combinations thereof.

The energy composition may also include added fiber. Cellulose is anexample of a fiber that may be used in the present variation.

The energy composition may further include at least one preservative. Inone embodiment, the preservative is a natural preservative. Embodimentsof useful preservatives include, but are not limited to, benzoic acidand benzoic acid derivatives such as sodium benzoate, calcium benzoate,potassium benzoate, magnesium benzoate, and combinations thereof. Thepreservative may include sorbic acid derivatives such as potassiumsorbate. In one embodiment, the preservative is present in an amountfrom about 0.01% to about 1.0% (or from about 0.0001 g/ml to about 0.01g/ml). In one embodiment, the preservative is present in an amount fromabout 0.1% to about 0.8%.

The composition provides food energy, i.e. provides calories. Inpreferred embodiments, the composition provides a relatively smallamount of food energy. For example, the composition may provide lessthan about 0.1 kcal/g (or kcal/ml), or less than about 0.2 kcal/g or(kcal/ml) or less than about 0.3 kcal/g (or kcal/ml) of food energy. Inone embodiment, the composition provides about four (4) kcal in about 55to 60 mls. In preferred embodiments, the composition does not containsugars such as glucose, lactose, sucrose or fructose.

Tables 1-5 provide a set of components that may be introduced into sucha liquid. The amounts provided in tables 1-5 are particularly useful toform compositions having a total final volume of about 2 fluid ounces.

TABLE 1 Component Amount (mg) Caffeine  8-220 Citicoline  5-30 VitaminsB6 20-60 Vitamins B12 0.30-0.70 Niacinamide  0-60 Folic Acid 0-5Glucuronolactone 200-600 N-Acetyl L-Tyrosine 150-500 L-Phenylalanine150-400 Taurine 300-800 Malic Acid 200-500 Flavorants  0-400 Sodiumbenzoate  0-150 potassium sorbate  0-150 Sucralose  0-150

TABLE 2 Component Amount (mg) Caffeine 100-200 Citicoline  1-25 VitaminsB6 35-45 Vitamins B12 0.50 Niacinamide 35-45 Folic Acid 0.1-0.7Glucuronolactone 300-500 N-Acetyl L-Tyrosine 200-400 L-Phenylalanine200-400 Taurine 350-700 Malic Acid 200-500 Flavorants  0-400 Sodiumbenzoate  0-150 potassium sorbate  0-150 Sucralose  0-150

TABLE 3 Component Amount (mg) Caffeine 100-250 Citicoline 10-50 VitaminsB6 20-60 Vitamins B12 0.30-0.70 Niacinamide  0-60 Folic Acid 0-5Glucuronolactone 200-600 N-Acetyl L-Tyrosine 150-500 L-Phenylalanine150-400 Taurine 300-800 Malic Acid 200-500 Flavorants  0-400 Sodiumbenzoate  0-150 potassium sorbate  0-150 Sucralose  0-150

TABLE 4 Component Amount (mg) Caffeine 100-230 Citicoline 20-45 VitaminsB6 35-45 Vitamins B12 0.20-0.75 Niacinamide 35-45 Folic Acid 1-2Glucuronolactone 300-500 N-Acetyl L-Tyrosine 200-400 L-Phenylalanine200-400 Taurine 300-800 Malic Acid 250-500 Flavorants 200-350 Sodiumbenzoate 25-75 potassium sorbate 25-75 Sucralose  75-150

TABLE 5 Component Amount (mg) Caffeine 100-230 Citicoline 20-45 VitaminsB6 35-45 Vitamins B12 0.25-0.75 Niacinamide 35-45 Folic Acid 1-2 Glucunodelta lactone 300-500 N-Acetyl L-Tyrosine 200-400 L-Phenylalanine200-400 Taurine 350-700 Malic Acid 250-400 Flavorants  0-400 Sodiumbenzoate  0-150 potassium sorbate  0-150 Sucralose  0-150

It is to be understood that this disclosure is not limited to theembodiments described above as specific components and conditions mayvary. Furthermore, the terminology used herein is used only for thepurpose of describing particular embodiments and is not intended to belimiting in any way.

1. An edible energy composition comprising: a methylated xanthine in anamount from about 0.0005 g/ml to about 0.005 g/ml; a choline derivativein an amount from about 0.00005 g/ml to about 0.0009 g/ml; and at leastone flavorant.
 2. The energy composition of claim 1 wherein themethylated xanthine is present in an amount from about 0.0036 g/ml toabout 0.0045 g/ml.
 3. The energy composition of claim 1 wherein themethylated xanthine is present in an amount from about 0.0037 g/ml toabout 0.0039 g/ml.
 4. The energy composition of claim 1 wherein thecholine derivative is present in an amount from about 0.0003 g/ml toabout 0.0007 g/ml.
 5. The energy composition of claim 1 wherein thecholine derivative is present in an amount from about 0.0004 g/ml toabout 0.0006 g/ml.
 6. The energy composition of claim 1 wherein themethylated xanthine comprises caffeine.
 7. The energy composition ofclaim 1 wherein the choline derivative comprises citicoline.
 8. Theenergy composition of claim 1 further comprising at least one amino acidor amino acid derivative.
 9. The energy composition of claim 8 whereinthe amino acids or amino acid derivatives are present in an amount fromabout 0.005 to about 0.05 g/ml.
 10. The energy composition of claim 8wherein the amino acids comprise a component selected from the groupconsisting of N-acetyl L-tyrosine, L-phenylalanine, taurine, andcombinations thereof.
 11. The energy composition of claim 1 furthercomprising N-acetyl L-tyrosine in an amount from about 0.001 to about0.008 g/ml.
 12. The energy composition of claim 1 further comprisingL-phenylalanine in an amount from about 0.001 to about 0.008 g/ml. 13.The energy composition of claim 1 further comprising taurine in anamount from about 0.001 to about 0.008 g/ml.
 14. The energy compositionof claim 1 further comprising vitamins in an amount from about 0.0005g/ml to about 0.008 g/ml.
 15. The energy composition of claim 1 furthercomprising a vitamin selected from the group consisting of vitamin B6,vitamin B12, folic acid, niacin, niacinamide, and combinations thereof.16. The energy composition of claim 1 further comprisingglucuronolactone in an amount from about 0.001 to about 0.012 g/ml. 17.The energy composition of claim 1 further comprising: vitamin B6 in anamount from about 0.0001 g/ml to about 0.003 g/ml; vitamin B12 in anamount from about 0.0001 g/ml to about 0.003 g/ml; folic acid in anamount from about 0.000005 g/ml to about 0.0002 g/ml; and niacinamide inan amount from about 0.0001 g/ml to about 0.003 g/ml.
 18. The energycomposition of claim 1 further comprising a preservative.
 19. An edibleenergy composition comprising: caffeine in an amount from about 0.0037g/ml to about 0.0039 g/ml; citicoline in an amount from about 0.0004g/ml to about 0.0006 g/ml; amino acids or an amino acid derivative in anamount from about 0.01 to about 0.03 g/ml. vitamins in an amount fromabout 0.0010 to about 0.0025 g/ml; glucuronolactone is present in anamount from about 0.005 to about 0.007 g/ml; and at least one flavorant.20. The energy composition of claim 19 wherein the vitamins comprisevitamin B6, vitamin B12, folic acid, and niacinamide.
 21. The energycomposition of claim 19 wherein the amino acids or amino acidderivatives comprise N-acetyl L-tyrosine, L-phenylalanine, and taurine.22. An edible energy composition comprising: caffeine in an amount fromabout 0.0032 g/ml to about 0.0034 g/ml; citicoline in an amount fromabout 0.00015 g/ml to about 0.00019 g/ml; amino acids or an amino acidderivative in an amount from about 0.01 to about 0.03 g/ml. vitamins inan amount from about 0.0010 to about 0.0025 g/ml; glucuronolactone ispresent in an amount from about 0.005 to about 0.007 g/ml; and at leastone flavorant.